LEXICOSTATISTICS OF MALAY AND MALAGASY LANGUAGES: COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL LINGUISTIC STUDY
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This study examines the kinship of the Malay language and the Malagasy language. These two languages come from the same proto language, namely Proto Austronesian (PAN). Departing from the researchers’ assumptions about the linguistic relationship both at the phoneme and morpheme levels, there is a close kinship system or relationship between these two languages. Even though they are geographically and geo-politically separated, preliminary research on these two languages shows several universal features, one of which is that both languages are agglutinative languages. Therefore, this study is an attempt to find empirical evidence about the separation time between Malay and Malagasy by using language grouping methods and lexicostatistical techniques. The first stage, the researchers collect 300 basic vocabularies compiled by Swadesh (1995). The method used in providing the data is the referential method, while the technique used is the note-taking technique. Second, the researchers determine which pairs of the two languages are cognate languages. Third, the researchers calculate the age and separation time of the two languages. Fourth, the researchers calculate the error term to determine a more precise separation time. The result of this research indicates that Malay and Malagasy were a single language at 4223-3951 thousand years ago and began to separate from their proto languages in 2201-1929 BC.
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Anayati, W., Wardana, M. K., Mayasari, M., & Purwarno, P. (2022). LEXICOSTATISTICS OF MALAY AND MALAGASY LANGUAGES: COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL LINGUISTIC STUDY. English Review: Journal of English Education, 10(3), 875-882. https://doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v10i3.6690
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Referensi
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Serva, M. (2018). The origins of the Malagasy people, some certainties and a few mysteries. Instituto de Estudos Avancados Transdisciplinares, August, 1–13. http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.02197
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Sofiyatunnida, & Hendrokumoro. (2021). Leksikostatistik Bahasa Mandailing dan Bahasa Melayu. NUSA, 16(2), 165–180.
Starostin, G. S. (2013). Lexicostatistics as a basis for language classification. In H. Fangerau, H. Geisler, & T. Halling (Eds.), Classification and evolution in biology, linguistics and the history of science. concepts – methods – visualization., hymes, pp.125–146. Franz Steiner Verlag.
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Adelaar, A. (2017). Who were the first Malagasy, and what did they speak? Spirits and Ships: Cultural Transfers in Early Monsoon Asia, October, 441–469. https://doi.org/10.1355/9789814762779-012
Adelaar, A. (2021). South borneo as an ancient sprachbund area. Wacana, 22(1), 81–101. https://doi.org/10.17510/wacana.v22i1.963
Adelaar, A. & Himmelmann, N. P. (2019). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge.
Aminin, S., & Dacholfany, M. I. (2021). Proto-Austronesian historical relations on the development of the proto-melayic aspect of Malay with Lampung language. Linguistics and Culture Review, 5(1), 438–452. https://doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5n1.1895
Arokoyo, B. E., & Lagunju, O. O. (2019). A lexicostatistics comparison of standard Yorùbá, Àkúrẹ́ and Ìkàrẹ́ Àkókó Dialects. Journal of Universal Language, 20(2), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.22425/jul.2019.20.2.1
Beaujard, P. (2011). The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: Linguistic and ethnological evidence. Azania, 46(2), 169–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142
Blench, R. (2018). The Austronesians in Madagascar and Their Interaction with the Bantu of the East African Coast : surveying the Linguistic Evidence for Domestic and Translocated Animals. Studies in Phiippine Languages and Cultures, 18, 18–43.
Cole, P., & Hermon, G. (2018). Malay/Indonesian syntax from an Austronesian perspective: An introduction. Lingua, 118(10), 1431–1439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2007.08.003
Dahl, Ø. (2011). Linguistic policy challenges in Madagascar. North-South Contributions to African Languages, Brøgger 2000, 51–79. https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui//bitstream/handle/11250/162102/OD_Linguistic_policy.pdf?sequence=1
Dardanila., Mulyadi., & Tantawi, I. (2020). Lexicostatistics of Gayo language with mandailing language. Proceedings of the International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramification Researches (ICOSTEERR 2018), August, 1199–1203. https://doi.org/10.5220/0010069511991203
Ducros, H. B. (2018). Reclaiming islandness through cloth circulation in Madagascar. Island Studies Journal, 13(2), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.69
Grant, A. P. (2010). On using qualitative lexicostatistics to illuminate language history. Diachronica, 27(2), 277–300. https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.27.2.06gra
Hendrokumoro, H., & Temaja, I. G. B. W. B. (2019). The genetic relationship between Ma’Anyan and Malagasy (hubungan kekekerabatan bahasa Ma’Anyan dan bahasa Malagasi). Metalingua: Jurnal Penelitian Bahasa, 17(2), 113. https://doi.org/10.26499/metalingua.v17i2.312
Indrariani, E. A. (2017). Leksikostastik bahasa Jawa dan bahasa Sunda. Pibsi, 3(9), 1–10. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/151236694.pdf
Istiqamah. (2017). Kekerabatan bahasa aceh dengan bahasa melayu (malaysia): kajian linguistik komparatif. Seminar Nasional II USM 2017, 1, 222–226.
Mbangi, L. I., & Marafad, L. O. S. (2018). The lexicostatistic study of culambacu language with Tolaki language. Cakrawala Linguista, 1(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.26737/cling.v1i1.496
Ntelu, D. N. D. (2017). The language family relation of local languages in Gorontalo province a lexicostatistic study. Journal of Arts and Humanities, 06(11), 48–59.
Nurhayati. (2017). Kinship of Indonesia language and Bugis language (lexicostatistics analysis). International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 6(11), 1082–1086. https://doi.org/10.21275/ART20177991
Paul, I., & Ralalaoherivony, B. S. (2020). Culminating and non-culminating accomplishments in Malagasy. 58(5), 1285–1322.
Ramanantsoa, J. D., Penven, P., Raj, R. P., Renault, L., Ponsoni, L., Ostrowski, M., Dilmahamod, A. F., & Rouault, M. (2021). Where and how the East Madagascar current retroflection originates?. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 126(11), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016203
Reid, L. A. (2018). Modeling the linguistic situation in the Philippines. Lets Talk About Trees: Genetic Relationships of Languages and Their Phylogenic Representation, 98(1991), 91–105.
Serva, M. (2018). The origins of the Malagasy people, some certainties and a few mysteries. Instituto de Estudos Avancados Transdisciplinares, August, 1–13. http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.02197
Serva, M., & Pasquini, M. (2020). Dialects of Madagascar. PLoS ONE, 15(10 October), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240170
Serva, M., & Pasquini, M. (2022). Linguistic clues suggest that the Indonesian colonizers directly sailed to Madagascar. Language Sciences, 93, 101497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2022.101497
Serva, M., Petroni, F., Volchenkov, D., & Wichmann, S. (2013). From Indonesia to Madagascar: In search of the origins of the Malagasy language. Indian Ocean Review of Science and Technology, 1–13.
Sofiyatunnida, & Hendrokumoro. (2021). Leksikostatistik Bahasa Mandailing dan Bahasa Melayu. NUSA, 16(2), 165–180.
Starostin, G. S. (2013). Lexicostatistics as a basis for language classification. In H. Fangerau, H. Geisler, & T. Halling (Eds.), Classification and evolution in biology, linguistics and the history of science. concepts – methods – visualization., hymes, pp.125–146. Franz Steiner Verlag.
Suzuki, H. (2019). 100 linguistic maps of the Swadesh word list of tibetic languages from Yunnan. ILCAA.
Wardana, M. K., Iqbal, M., Sastra, D., Universitas, I., Medan, H., Linguistik, D., Sumatera, U., Pendidikan, D., Indonesia, B., & Kuala, U. S. (2022). Lexicostatistics of Malay, Tagalog and Ilocano languages: A comparisonal historical linguistic. Journal Education and Development, 10(3), 475–479.