Email this article GANGGUAN BERBAHASA TATARAN FONOLOGIS PADA TUTURAN PENDERITA STROKE ISKEMIK: KAJIAN PSIKOLINGUISTIK
Abstract
ABSTRAK: Gangguan berbahasa (language disorders) jauh lebih kompleks dibandingkan gangguan wicara (speech disorders). Gangguan berbahasa dalam istilah medis disebut afasia. Penderita akan mengalami kesulitan berkomunikasi serta cenderung gagal dalam menerapkan kemampuan berbahasa. Imbasnya, penderita gangguan ini akan mengalami deviasi atau penyimpangan linguistis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengklasifikasikan dan mendeskripsikan gangguan berbahasa yang dialami pasien stroke iskemik. Gejala yang paling tampak pada penderita stroke iskemik sangat khas, yakni penyimpangan tataran fonologis. Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif-kualitatif kajian ini menempatkan subjek penderita gangguan hemisfer kiri, di mana bagian tersebut dalam kajian neurolinguitik memiliki fungsi sebagai pengolah kemampuan linguistik seseorang, seperti fonologis, morfologis, sintaksis, dan semantis. Data penelitian ini berupa tuturan seorang subjek penelitian yang mengalami stroke iskemik. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik observasi, rekam, catat, wawancara dan elitasi menggunakan media gambar dan daftar pertanyaan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terjadi penyimpangan tataran fonologis, antara lain (1) penghilangan atau penyederhanaan fonem, (2) penggantian fonem, dan (3) ketidakberaturan pada tuturan penderita stroke iskemik. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa gangguan berbahasa tataran fonologis merupakan bentuk kesalahan dan/atau penyimpangan yang terjadi pada seseorang penderita stroke iskemik yang disebabkan oleh kerusakan lesi kortikal di otak kiri, tepatnya di daerah broca, yang mengkhususkan diri dalam tugas-tugas pemroduksian bahasa.
KATA KUNCI: Afasia; gangguan bahasa; penyimpangan fonologis; psikolinguistik; stroke iskemik.
PHONOLOGICAL LANGUAGE DISORDERS IN ISCEMIC STROKE PATIENTS: A PSYCHOLINGUISTIC STUDY
ABSTRACT: Language disorders are much more complex than speech disorders. Language disorders in medical terms are called aphasia. Patients will have difficulty communicating and tend to fail in applying language skills. As a result, people with this disorder will experience linguistic deviations or deviations. This study aims to classify and describe language disorders experienced by ischemic stroke patients. The most visible symptom in ischemic stroke patients is very typical, namely phonological level deviations. By using a descriptive-qualitative method, this study places the subject with left hemisphere disorders, where this section in neurolinguistic studies has a function as a processing of one's linguistic abilities, such as phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic. The data of this research is the speech of a research subject who experienced an ischemic stroke. Data was collected by using observation, recording, note-taking, interviewing and elicitation techniques using picture media and a list of questions. The results of this study indicate that there are deviations at the phonological level, including (1) omission or simplification of phonemes, (2) replacement of phonemes, and (3) irregularities in the speech of ischemic stroke sufferers. So it can be concluded that language disorders at the phonological level are a form of errors and/or deviations that occur in a person with ischemic stroke caused by damage to cortical lesions in the left brain, precisely in Broca's area, which specializes in language production tasks.KEYWORDS: Aphasia; language disorders; phonological aberrations; psycholinguistics; ischemic stroke.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.25134/fon.v18i1.5533
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