DIGITAL IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION OF MOESLEM UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN ENGLISH CLASSROOM
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This research aims to explore the digital identity construction of Muslim university students learning English through social media and its impact on their offline identity in the English classroom. Digital identity involves the use of social media platforms to express oneself, including through usernames, profile pictures, personal information, and followers. Muslim students develop complex identities by blending local cultural and religious values with global influences, using social media to showcase their English language skills. This qualitative study utilized semi-structured interviews with eight university students who are active on social media. The findings highlight those Muslim students often navigate between local and global identities, striving to present a balanced image online that aligns with their religious and social values. Furthermore, the study reveals a significant contrast between the digital identity they project on social media and the more formal identity they adopt in academic contexts, such as the English classroom. This research underscores the complexities of managing multiple identities in the digital age.
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Yanuar, I. D. (2025). DIGITAL IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION OF MOESLEM UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN ENGLISH CLASSROOM. English Review: Journal of English Education, 13(1), 291-300. https://doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v13i1.11139
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Referensi
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Androutsopoulos, J. (2014). "Languaging" on the Internet: Multilingual practices in digital communication. In The Routledge handbook of language and digital communication (pp. 39-55). Routledge.
Annisa, N., Mirizon, S., & Silvhiany, S. (2023). Vocational high school students’ identity and investment in learning English in a rural area. Studies in English Language and Education, 10(2), 926-942.
Armstrong-Carter, E., and Telzer, E. H. (2021). Advancing measurement and research on youths’ prosocial behavior in the digital age. Child Dev. Perspect. 15, 31–36. doi: 10.1111/cdep.12396
Badran, M. (2020). Muslim Youth Identity in the Digital Age: Negotiating Religious Identity in the Online Space. Social Media + Society, 6(1), 1-12.
Barker, V. (2012). A generational comparison of social networking site use: The influence of age and social identity. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 74 (2), 163–187. doi: https://doi.org/10.2190%2FAG.74.2.d
Barton, D., & Hamilton, M. (1998). Local Literacies: Reading and Writing in One Community. Routledge.
Barrett, M. (2017). "Interculturalism and multiculturalism: similarities and differences.” Council of Europe Publishing.
Baumeister, R. & Leary, M. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117 (3),497–529. doi: http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
Benwell, B., & Stokoe, E. (2006). Discourse and Identity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Berlanga, A.J. and Sloep, P.B. (2011). Towards a Learner Digital Identity in Proceedings of workshop on Augmenting User Models with Real World Experiences Workshop (AUM), In conjunction with UMAP 201, F. Abel, V. Dimitrova, E. Herder, & G. J. Houben (eds.), July, 15, 2011, Girona, Spain (2011); http://www.wis.ewi.tudelft.nl/aum2011/aum-proceedings.pdf
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Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic
interactionism. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Boyd, D. M. (2007). Why youth (heart)
social network sites: The role of networked publics
In teenage social life. In D. Buckingham (Ed.), Youth, Identity, and Digital Media (pp. 119-142). MIT Press.
Boyd, D. (2014). It's Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens. Yale University Press.
Boyd, d., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social
Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230.
Bunt, G. R. (2009). iMuslims: Rewiring the
House of Islam. University of North Carolina Press.
Burke, P., & Stets, J. (2009). Identity Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Campbell, H. A. (2010). Digital Religion:
Understanding the Intersection of Religion and Digital Media. Routledge.
Chua, T. H. H., & Chang, L. (2016). Follow
me and like my beautiful selfies: Singapore Teenage girls’ engagement in self-presentation and peer comparison on social media. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 190-197.
Cohen, A. (1985). The symbolic construction of community. London: Tavistock.
Data Reportal (2023). Digital around the World. https://datareportal.com/global-digital overview
Dooly, M. (2017). Performing Identities in Social Media: Focusing on Language Learners' Identity Construction Online. Identity Construction in Social Media, 20(1). DOI https://doi.org/10.4000/alsic.3005
Ecklund, E. H. (2010). Religion in the Age
of Digital Communication. In Handbook of the Sociology of Religion (pp. 233-249). Springer.
El Bahri, O., et al. (2023). The Impact of English Language Learning on Identity Reconstruction: Moroccan English Department Undergraduate Students as a Case Study. European Modern Studies Journal, 7(3):420-434. DOI:10.59573/emsj.7(3).2023.40
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The Benefits of Facebook "Friends:" Social Capital and College Students' Use of Online Social Network Sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143-1168.
Fraenkel, et al. (2012). 8th Edition How to Design and Evaluation Reseach in Education. NY:The McGraw-Hill
Gajaria, A., Yeung, E., Goodale, T., & Charach, A. (2011). Beliefs about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and response to stereotypes: Youth postings in Facebook groups. Journal of Adolescent Heath, 49, 15–20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth. 2010.09.004
García-Pastor, M. D. (2018). Learner identity in EFL: An analysis of digital texts of identity in higher education. Digital Education Review, 33, 55-76.
Gao, Y., Zhao, Y., Cheng, Y., dan Zhou, Y. (2007). Hubungan antara jenis motivasi belajar bahasa Inggris dan perubahan identitas diri dikalangan pelajar Tiongkok. TESOL Triwulanan, 41(1), 133-155
Gee, J. P. (2000). "Identity as an Analytic Lens for Research in Education." Review of Research in Education, 25, 99-125
Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. 1st Edn. Garden City, NY: Doubleday anchor books.
Hall, S. (1992). The Question of Cultural Identity. In Modernity and Its Futures (pp. 274-316). Polity Press.
Hargittai, E. (2008). Whose Space? Differences Among Users and Non-Users of Social Network Sites. Sociological Inquiry, 78(1), 20-44.
Him, C. Y. J. (2018). Contexts, Problems and Solutions in International Communication: Insights for Teaching English as a Lingua Franca. The Journal of AsiaTEFL, 15(2),257–275. https://doi.org/10.18823/asiatefl.2018.15.2.1.257
Hogan, B. (2010). The Presentation of Self
in the Age of Social Media: Distinguishing Performances and Exhibitions Online. In Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (pp. 1-10). ACM.
Hughes, D., & Knapp, J. (2008). Religious
Identity and Social Media: Exploring the Benefits of Digital Connections. Journal of Religion and Society, 10, 55-70.
Jackson, C. A., and Luchner, A. F. (2018). Self-presentation mediates the relationship between self-criticism and emotional response to Instagram feedback. Personality and Individual Differences. 133, 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.052
Kang, Y. (2020). Lessons learned from cases of COVID-19 infection in South Korea. May. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.14
Kim, J., and Lee, J.-E. R. (2011). The facebook paths to happiness: effects of the number of facebook friends and self-presentation on subjective well-being. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(6):359-64. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2010.0374
Kachru, B. B. (1992). The Other Tongue: English Across Cultures. University of Illinois Press.
Kramsch, C. (2009). Discourse, the symbolic dimension of intercultural competence. In A. Hu and M. Byram (Eds.). Interkulturelle kompetenz und fremdsprachliches lernen (107-124). Tubingen: Gunter Narr
Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Pergamon Press.
Manago, A. (2015). Media and the Development of Identity. In R. Scott & S. Kosslyn (Eds.), Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. doi: 10.1002/9781118900 772.etrds0212
Marwick, A. E. (2013). Status Update:
Celebrity, Publicity, and Branding in the Social Media Age. Yale University Press.
Marwick, A. E., & boyd, d. (2011). I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users,
Context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society, 13(1), 114-133.
Mazeed. (2012). Masyarakat virtual sebagai alternatif dari masyarakat nyata. Departemen Studi Penerjemahan, Universitas Uni Emirat Arab
Miles, B. M., & Huberman, M. (1992). Analisis Data Kualitatif Buku Sumber Tentang Metode-Metode Baru. Jakarta: UIP.
Norton, B. (2000). Identity and Language Learning: Gender, Ethnicity and Educational Change. Harlow: Pearson Education.
Norton, B. (2001). Non-participation, imagined communities, and the language classroom. In M. Breen (Ed.), Learner contributions to language learning: New directions inresearch (pp. 159-171). Harlow, England: Pearson Education.
Norton, B. (2011). Identity. In J. Simpson (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of applied linguistics (pp. 318-330). Taylor & Francis: E-library
Park, H. (2012). Insight Into Learners’ Identity in the Korean English as a Lingua Franca Context. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 11(4), 229–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2012.706171
Pennycook, A. (2010). Language as a Local Practice. Routledge.
Pratama, B. A., & Sari, D. S. (2020). Dampak Sosial Intensitas Penggunaan Media Sosial Terhadap Kesehatan Mental Berupa Sikap Apatis di SMP Kabupaten Sukoharjo. Jurnal Kesehatan STIKES Aisyiyah Surakarta, 18(1)
Reeve, J., Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (2004). Self-determination theory. A dialectical frame-work for understanding sociocultural influences on student motivation. In D. McInerney & S.V. Etten (Eds.), Research on sociocultural influences on motivation and learning: Big theories revisited (Vol. 4), (pp. 31–59). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Press.
Sabar, W. et al. (2022). Gender education in
the practice of women's agricultural
laborers in Enrekang Regency. Jurnal Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial Indonesia, 9(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.21831/jipsindo.v9i2. 51641
Sung, C. C. M. (2020). Cantonese learning, investments, and identities: Mainland Chinese University students’ experiences during cross-border studies in Hong Kong. Learn. Cult. Soc. Interact. 26:100415. doi: 10.1016/j.lcsi.2020.100415
Susanti, D. & Dwihantoro, P. (2022). Indonesian Netizens' Digital Self and Identity Creation on Social Media. Komunikator, 14(2):104-113. DOI: 10.18196/jkm.16541
Swann, W. B. (1983). Self-verification: Bringing social reality into harmony with the self. In J. Suls & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 2, pp. 33-66). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Tajeddin, Z., et al. (2021). Learners’ perspectives on imagined community of practice in
English as an international language. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2021.1921784
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. In The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. 33-47). Brooks/Cole.
Teo, T. (2013). An initial development and validation of a Digital Natives Assessment Scale (DNAS). Computers & Education, 67, 51–57. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.com pedu.2013.02.012
Toma, C. L., Hancock, J. T., & Ellison, N. B. (2008). Separating fact from fiction: An examination of deceptive self-presentation in online dating profiles. Personality and
Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(8), 1023-1036.
Turkle, S. (2011). Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. Basic Books.
Valkenburg, P. M., Schouten, A. P., and Peter, J. (2005). Adolescents’ identity experiments on the internet. New Media Social. 7, 383–402. doi: 10.1177/1461444805052282
Vitak, J. (2012). The Impact of Social Media on Interpersonal Communication. In The Handbook of Media and Mass Communication Theory (pp. 140-155). Wiley Blackwell.
Walther, J. B., Van Der Heide, B., Kim, S. Y., Westerman, D., & Tong, S. T. (2008). The role of friends' appearance and behavior on evaluations of individuals on Facebook:
Are we known by the company we keep? Human Communication Research, 34(1), 28-49.
Wirza, Y. (2018). A narrative case study of Indonesian EFL learners’ identities. Indonesian
Journal of Applied Linguistics, 8(2), 473-481.
Xiao, S., Metaxa, D., Park, J. S., Karahalios, K., & Salehi, N. (2020). Random, messy, funny, raw:Finstas as intimate reconfigurations of social media. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–13
Akram, W., & Kumar, R. (2017). A study on positive and negative effects of social media on society. International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, 5(10), 351–354
Allen, K., Ryan, T., Gray, De L., McInerney, D., & Waters, L. (2014). Social media use and social connectedness in adolescents: The positives and the potential pitfalls. The Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 31(1), 18–31. doi: https:// doi.org/10.1017/edp.2014.2.
Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism (revised edn). New Yo rk : Ve r s o
Androutsopoulos, J. (2015). Networked Multilingualism: Some Language Practices on Facebook and Their Implications. International Journal of Bilingualism, 19(2), 185-205.
Androutsopoulos, J. (2014). "Languaging" on the Internet: Multilingual practices in digital communication. In The Routledge handbook of language and digital communication (pp. 39-55). Routledge.
Annisa, N., Mirizon, S., & Silvhiany, S. (2023). Vocational high school students’ identity and investment in learning English in a rural area. Studies in English Language and Education, 10(2), 926-942.
Armstrong-Carter, E., and Telzer, E. H. (2021). Advancing measurement and research on youths’ prosocial behavior in the digital age. Child Dev. Perspect. 15, 31–36. doi: 10.1111/cdep.12396
Badran, M. (2020). Muslim Youth Identity in the Digital Age: Negotiating Religious Identity in the Online Space. Social Media + Society, 6(1), 1-12.
Barker, V. (2012). A generational comparison of social networking site use: The influence of age and social identity. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 74 (2), 163–187. doi: https://doi.org/10.2190%2FAG.74.2.d
Barton, D., & Hamilton, M. (1998). Local Literacies: Reading and Writing in One Community. Routledge.
Barrett, M. (2017). "Interculturalism and multiculturalism: similarities and differences.” Council of Europe Publishing.
Baumeister, R. & Leary, M. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117 (3),497–529. doi: http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
Benwell, B., & Stokoe, E. (2006). Discourse and Identity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Berlanga, A.J. and Sloep, P.B. (2011). Towards a Learner Digital Identity in Proceedings of workshop on Augmenting User Models with Real World Experiences Workshop (AUM), In conjunction with UMAP 201, F. Abel, V. Dimitrova, E. Herder, & G. J. Houben (eds.), July, 15, 2011, Girona, Spain (2011); http://www.wis.ewi.tudelft.nl/aum2011/aum-proceedings.pdf
Block, D. (2007). The rise of identity in SLA research, post Firth, and Wagner (1997). Mod. Lang. J. 91, 863–876. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4781.2007.00674.x
Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic
interactionism. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Boyd, D. M. (2007). Why youth (heart)
social network sites: The role of networked publics
In teenage social life. In D. Buckingham (Ed.), Youth, Identity, and Digital Media (pp. 119-142). MIT Press.
Boyd, D. (2014). It's Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens. Yale University Press.
Boyd, d., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social
Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230.
Bunt, G. R. (2009). iMuslims: Rewiring the
House of Islam. University of North Carolina Press.
Burke, P., & Stets, J. (2009). Identity Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Campbell, H. A. (2010). Digital Religion:
Understanding the Intersection of Religion and Digital Media. Routledge.
Chua, T. H. H., & Chang, L. (2016). Follow
me and like my beautiful selfies: Singapore Teenage girls’ engagement in self-presentation and peer comparison on social media. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 190-197.
Cohen, A. (1985). The symbolic construction of community. London: Tavistock.
Data Reportal (2023). Digital around the World. https://datareportal.com/global-digital overview
Dooly, M. (2017). Performing Identities in Social Media: Focusing on Language Learners' Identity Construction Online. Identity Construction in Social Media, 20(1). DOI https://doi.org/10.4000/alsic.3005
Ecklund, E. H. (2010). Religion in the Age
of Digital Communication. In Handbook of the Sociology of Religion (pp. 233-249). Springer.
El Bahri, O., et al. (2023). The Impact of English Language Learning on Identity Reconstruction: Moroccan English Department Undergraduate Students as a Case Study. European Modern Studies Journal, 7(3):420-434. DOI:10.59573/emsj.7(3).2023.40
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The Benefits of Facebook "Friends:" Social Capital and College Students' Use of Online Social Network Sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143-1168.
Fraenkel, et al. (2012). 8th Edition How to Design and Evaluation Reseach in Education. NY:The McGraw-Hill
Gajaria, A., Yeung, E., Goodale, T., & Charach, A. (2011). Beliefs about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and response to stereotypes: Youth postings in Facebook groups. Journal of Adolescent Heath, 49, 15–20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth. 2010.09.004
García-Pastor, M. D. (2018). Learner identity in EFL: An analysis of digital texts of identity in higher education. Digital Education Review, 33, 55-76.
Gao, Y., Zhao, Y., Cheng, Y., dan Zhou, Y. (2007). Hubungan antara jenis motivasi belajar bahasa Inggris dan perubahan identitas diri dikalangan pelajar Tiongkok. TESOL Triwulanan, 41(1), 133-155
Gee, J. P. (2000). "Identity as an Analytic Lens for Research in Education." Review of Research in Education, 25, 99-125
Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. 1st Edn. Garden City, NY: Doubleday anchor books.
Hall, S. (1992). The Question of Cultural Identity. In Modernity and Its Futures (pp. 274-316). Polity Press.
Hargittai, E. (2008). Whose Space? Differences Among Users and Non-Users of Social Network Sites. Sociological Inquiry, 78(1), 20-44.
Him, C. Y. J. (2018). Contexts, Problems and Solutions in International Communication: Insights for Teaching English as a Lingua Franca. The Journal of AsiaTEFL, 15(2),257–275. https://doi.org/10.18823/asiatefl.2018.15.2.1.257
Hogan, B. (2010). The Presentation of Self
in the Age of Social Media: Distinguishing Performances and Exhibitions Online. In Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (pp. 1-10). ACM.
Hughes, D., & Knapp, J. (2008). Religious
Identity and Social Media: Exploring the Benefits of Digital Connections. Journal of Religion and Society, 10, 55-70.
Jackson, C. A., and Luchner, A. F. (2018). Self-presentation mediates the relationship between self-criticism and emotional response to Instagram feedback. Personality and Individual Differences. 133, 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.052
Kang, Y. (2020). Lessons learned from cases of COVID-19 infection in South Korea. May. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.14
Kim, J., and Lee, J.-E. R. (2011). The facebook paths to happiness: effects of the number of facebook friends and self-presentation on subjective well-being. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(6):359-64. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2010.0374
Kachru, B. B. (1992). The Other Tongue: English Across Cultures. University of Illinois Press.
Kramsch, C. (2009). Discourse, the symbolic dimension of intercultural competence. In A. Hu and M. Byram (Eds.). Interkulturelle kompetenz und fremdsprachliches lernen (107-124). Tubingen: Gunter Narr
Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Pergamon Press.
Manago, A. (2015). Media and the Development of Identity. In R. Scott & S. Kosslyn (Eds.), Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. doi: 10.1002/9781118900 772.etrds0212
Marwick, A. E. (2013). Status Update:
Celebrity, Publicity, and Branding in the Social Media Age. Yale University Press.
Marwick, A. E., & boyd, d. (2011). I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users,
Context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society, 13(1), 114-133.
Mazeed. (2012). Masyarakat virtual sebagai alternatif dari masyarakat nyata. Departemen Studi Penerjemahan, Universitas Uni Emirat Arab
Miles, B. M., & Huberman, M. (1992). Analisis Data Kualitatif Buku Sumber Tentang Metode-Metode Baru. Jakarta: UIP.
Norton, B. (2000). Identity and Language Learning: Gender, Ethnicity and Educational Change. Harlow: Pearson Education.
Norton, B. (2001). Non-participation, imagined communities, and the language classroom. In M. Breen (Ed.), Learner contributions to language learning: New directions inresearch (pp. 159-171). Harlow, England: Pearson Education.
Norton, B. (2011). Identity. In J. Simpson (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of applied linguistics (pp. 318-330). Taylor & Francis: E-library
Park, H. (2012). Insight Into Learners’ Identity in the Korean English as a Lingua Franca Context. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 11(4), 229–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2012.706171
Pennycook, A. (2010). Language as a Local Practice. Routledge.
Pratama, B. A., & Sari, D. S. (2020). Dampak Sosial Intensitas Penggunaan Media Sosial Terhadap Kesehatan Mental Berupa Sikap Apatis di SMP Kabupaten Sukoharjo. Jurnal Kesehatan STIKES Aisyiyah Surakarta, 18(1)
Reeve, J., Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (2004). Self-determination theory. A dialectical frame-work for understanding sociocultural influences on student motivation. In D. McInerney & S.V. Etten (Eds.), Research on sociocultural influences on motivation and learning: Big theories revisited (Vol. 4), (pp. 31–59). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Press.
Sabar, W. et al. (2022). Gender education in
the practice of women's agricultural
laborers in Enrekang Regency. Jurnal Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial Indonesia, 9(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.21831/jipsindo.v9i2. 51641
Sung, C. C. M. (2020). Cantonese learning, investments, and identities: Mainland Chinese University students’ experiences during cross-border studies in Hong Kong. Learn. Cult. Soc. Interact. 26:100415. doi: 10.1016/j.lcsi.2020.100415
Susanti, D. & Dwihantoro, P. (2022). Indonesian Netizens' Digital Self and Identity Creation on Social Media. Komunikator, 14(2):104-113. DOI: 10.18196/jkm.16541
Swann, W. B. (1983). Self-verification: Bringing social reality into harmony with the self. In J. Suls & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 2, pp. 33-66). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Tajeddin, Z., et al. (2021). Learners’ perspectives on imagined community of practice in
English as an international language. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2021.1921784
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. In The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. 33-47). Brooks/Cole.
Teo, T. (2013). An initial development and validation of a Digital Natives Assessment Scale (DNAS). Computers & Education, 67, 51–57. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.com pedu.2013.02.012
Toma, C. L., Hancock, J. T., & Ellison, N. B. (2008). Separating fact from fiction: An examination of deceptive self-presentation in online dating profiles. Personality and
Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(8), 1023-1036.
Turkle, S. (2011). Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. Basic Books.
Valkenburg, P. M., Schouten, A. P., and Peter, J. (2005). Adolescents’ identity experiments on the internet. New Media Social. 7, 383–402. doi: 10.1177/1461444805052282
Vitak, J. (2012). The Impact of Social Media on Interpersonal Communication. In The Handbook of Media and Mass Communication Theory (pp. 140-155). Wiley Blackwell.
Walther, J. B., Van Der Heide, B., Kim, S. Y., Westerman, D., & Tong, S. T. (2008). The role of friends' appearance and behavior on evaluations of individuals on Facebook:
Are we known by the company we keep? Human Communication Research, 34(1), 28-49.
Wirza, Y. (2018). A narrative case study of Indonesian EFL learners’ identities. Indonesian
Journal of Applied Linguistics, 8(2), 473-481.
Xiao, S., Metaxa, D., Park, J. S., Karahalios, K., & Salehi, N. (2020). Random, messy, funny, raw:Finstas as intimate reconfigurations of social media. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–13