APPLYING HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) PEDAGOGY: A CASE STUDY OF AN EFL CORE TEACHER
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HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) is an indispensable skill crucial for meeting the future demands of the 21st century. It plays a fundamental role in encouraging students to think critically, be more creative, and effectively solve problems. HOTS pedagogy encompasses the entire teaching and learning process, encompassing the selection of teaching and learning strategies as well as the creation of tasks and assessments based on HOTS principles. This study aimed to explore how an EFL (English as a Foreign Language) core teacher understands and implements HOTS pedagogy in the EFL classroom. Qualitative research in the form of narrative inquiry was employed for this investigation, with a single participant chosen through criteria sampling. Data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews, and data analysis utilized the constant-comparative method. The study's findings shed light on the teacher's planning when implementing HOTS pedagogy, the teaching techniques employed to foster HOTS skills in students, and the utilization of HOTS-based assessments. Additionally, the findings identified an issue with the arrangement of operational verbs in the EFL core teacher's planning and revealed that the use of discovery learning as a teaching technique created disparities in understanding the lesson between passive and dominant students.
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Saraswati, N., Inderawati, R., & Vianty, M. (2023). APPLYING HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) PEDAGOGY: A CASE STUDY OF AN EFL CORE TEACHER. English Review: Journal of English Education, 11(3), 767-776. https://doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v11i3.7818
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Referensi
Abdullah, A. H., Mokhtar, M., Abd Halim, N. D., Ali, D. F., Tahir, L. M., & Kohar, U. H. A. (2016). Mathematics teachers’ level of knowledge and practice on the implementation of higher-order thinking skills (HOTS). Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(1), 3–17.
Afandi, A., Sajidan, S., Akhyar, M., & Suryani, N. (2018). Pre-service science teachers’ perception about high order thinking skills (HOTS) in the 21st century. International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education, 2(1), 107–114. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324933017_Pre-Service_Science_Teachers’_Perception_About_High_Order_Thinking_Skills_HOTS_in_the_21st_Century
Akyol, Z., & Garrison, D. R. (2011). Understanding cognitive presence in an online and blended community of inquiry: Assessing outcomes and processes for deep approaches to learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 42(2), 233-250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2009.01029.x
Aghaei, K., & Rad, E. M. (2018). On the Interconnection between Bloom’s critical thinking taxonomy & listening comprehension performance of Iranian EFL learners. International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies, 6(3), 22–31.
Agus, W., & Margana. (2017). Developing English textbook oriented to higher order thinking skills for students of vocational school in Yogyakarta. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 8(1), 26–38. https://doi.org/doi: 10.17507/jltr.0801.04
Arafah, K. (2020). The effect of guided discovery method and learning interest on students' understanding of physics concepts. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika, 8(2),145–154. https://doi.org/10.26618/jpf.v8i2.3259.
Arifin and N. Ratu. 201. Profil higher order thinking skill siswa dalam menyelesaikan masalah bangun datar segi empat. MAJU J. Ilm. Pendidik. Mat 5 2.
Ariyana, Y., Pudjiastuti, A., Bestary, R., & Zamroni. (2019). Buku pegangan pembelajaran berorientasi pada keterampilan tingkat tinggi. Direktorat Jenderal Guru dan Tenaga Kependidikan Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia. www.gtk.kemdikbud.go.id
Bartell, T. G., Webel, C., Bowen, B., & Dyson, N. (2013). Prospective teacher learning: Recognizing evidence of conceptual understanding. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 16(1), 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10857-012-9205-4
Brookhart, S. M. (2010). How to assess higher-order thinking skills in your classroom. ASCD.
Brown, E. S. (2006). Discovery learning in the classroom. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305174476
Care, E., & Lou, R. (2016). Assessment of transversal competencies: Policy and practice in the Asia-Pacific region. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000246590
Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (2000). Narrative inquiry: Experience and story in qualitative research. Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
Dima.,M.L.B.,Daflizar and Ahmadi. (2021). The implementation of higher order thinking skills (HOTS) in English language teaching: The case of Indonesian senior high school EFL teachers. Journal of English Language Teaching,8(2), 257. https://doi.org/10.26858/eltww.v8i2.20468
Fakhomah, D. N., & Utami, M. S. (2019). Pre-service English teacher perception about higher order thinking skills (HOTS) in the 21st century learning. International Journal of Indonesian Education and Teaching (IJIET), 3(1), 41–49.
Hasim, A., Osman, R., Arifin, A., Abdullah, N., & Noh, N. (2015). Teachers’ perception on higher order thinking skills as an innovation and its implementation in history teaching. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(32), 215–221.
Ichsan, D. V. Sigit, M. Miarsyah, A. Ali, W. P. Arif, and T. A. Prayitno. (2019). HOTS-AEP: higher order thinking skills from elementary to master students in environmental learning. Eur. J. Educ. Res 8 4 935–942. 10.12973/eu-jer.8.4.935
Ichsan, I. Z., Sigit, D. V., Miarsyah, M., Ali, A., & Suwandi, T. (2020). Implementation supple- mentary book of green consumerism: Im- proving students HOTS in environmental learning. European Journal of Educational Re- search, 9(1), 227-237. 10.12973/eu-jer.9.1.227
Indriyana, B. S., & Kuswandono, P. (2019). Developing students’ higher order thinking skills (HOTS) in reading: English teachers’ strategies in selected junior high schools. Journal of English Teaching, 5(3), 204–216.
Isbandiyah, S. & Sanusi, A. (2019). Modul penyusunan soal keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi (HOTS) biologi. Ditbin SMA.
Khanif, M. (2019). Flipped classroom with hots intruction in listening class. The 16th JETA International Conference, 51–55. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muhammad-Ansori-3/publication/336086006_Integrating_HOTS_Into_EFL_Classroom_Teacher%27s_Perception_and_Classroom_Behavior/links/5dedd5f2299bf10bc34c5d47/Integrating-HOTS-Into-EFL-Classroom-Teachers-Perception-and-Class
Lubis, N., Ashadi, R. I., & Setiawan, Y. (2019). Self concept dan higher order thinking skill (HOTS) questions dalam komunikasi interpersonal. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra, 4(2), 506-511. https://doi.org/10.32696/ojs.v4i2.315
Maryani, I. & Martaningsih, S. T. (2020). Pendampingan penyusunan soal higher order thinking bagi guru sekolah dasar. Jurnal Solma, 9(1), 156-166. https://doi.org/10.29405/solma.v9i1.4100
Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage.
Misrom, N. S., Muhammad, A. S., Abdullah, A. H., Osman, S., Hamzah, M. H., & Fauzan, A. (2020). Enhancing students’ higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) through an inductive reasoning strategy using geogebra. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 15(03), 156–179. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i03.9839
Mohamed, R., & Lebar, O. (2017). Authentic assessment in assessing higher order thinking skills. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(2), 466–476. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i2/2021
Mulyasa, E. (2018). Implementasi kurikulum 2013 revisi dalam era revolusi industri 4.0. In Bumi Aksara.
Pappas, C. (2014). Instructional design models and theories: The discovery learning model. Elearning Industry. https://elearningindustry.com/discovery-learning-model
Purnama, Y. I., & Nurdianingsih, F. (2019). The impact of higher order thinking skills (HOTS) instructions in teaching EFL speaking skill from the perspective of students’ motivation. Lingua Cultura, 13(4), 313–319.
Purnamasari, L., Hakim, A., Sulaeman, N. F., & Darmadianingsih. (2021). Eksplorasi kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa SMA pada materi fluida statis. Jurnal Literasi Pendidikan Fisika, 2(1), 9-22. doi: https://doi.org/10.30872/jlpf.v2i1.4 33
Rahmayanti, M. (2021). Application of the discovery learning teaching model in mathematics subjects. Community Medicine & Education Journal, 2(1), 144-150. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.215.6.972b
Ramasamy, S., Rahman, F., Ismail, H., Manaf, U. K. A., & Said, R. R. (2016). Teachers’ levels of knowledge and interest on higher order thinking skills (HOTS) according to the field taught and category of schools. Journal of Modern Education Review, 6(9), 611–621. https://doi.org/10.15341/jmer(2155-7993)/09.06.2016/005
Rosli, M. F. M., & Maarof, N. (2017). The effects of higher order thinking skills (HOTS) questions in improving ESL pupils’ writing performance. The 5 Th Global Summit on Education, 70–80. http://worldconferences.net/journals/wcik/toc/fullpaper/GSE_042.pdf
Safitri, A., & Setiawan, Y. (2020). Perbedaan pengaruh model discovery learning dan problem based learning terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis IPA siswa. Jurnal Tematik, 10(1), 54-60. doi: https://doi.org/10.24114/jt.v10i1.17728
Setiawati, W. (2019). Buku penilaian berorientasi higher order thinking skills. Dirjen GTK Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Simanjuntak, E., Usidiati, W., & Karani, E. (2020). Developing a model of HOTS questions for narrative reading text for IX grade students of SMPN 2 Jorong. Journal of Environment and Management, 1(1), 69–74.
Singh, C. K. S., Gopal, R., Ong, E. T., Singh, T. S. M., Mostafa, N. A., & Singh, R. K. A. (2020). ESL teachers’ strategies to foster higher-order thinking skills to teach writing. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 17(2), 195–226.
Sopiani, P. S., & Said, I. (2019). Investigating students’ higher order thinking skills (HOTS) in writing skill (a case study at the eleventh grade of a senior high school in Banjar). Journal of English Education and Teaching, 3(3), 328–342.
Suprihatiningrum, J. (2013). Strategi pembelajaran teori dan aplikasi. Ar-Ruzz Media
Syafyahya, L., & Yades, E. (2020). Small group discussion and discovery learning in Indonesian course learning. Advances in Social Science.Education and humanities Research: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Educational Development and Quality Assurance (ICED-QA)(pp.73-77). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210202.015
Thamrin, N. R., & Agustin, S. (2019). Conceptual variations on reading comprehension through higher order thinking skills (HOTS) strategy. English Review: Journal of English Education, 7(2), 93–100.
Thamrin, N. R., & Widodo, P. (2019). Developing higher order thinking skills (HOTS) for reading comprehension enhancement. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1179(1), 12073.
Widana, I. (2017). Higher order thinking skills assessment (HOTS). Jurnal of Indonesian Student Assessment and Education, 3(1), 32-44.
Widiyati, G. S. (2020). Developing listening materials for the second-grade multimedia department students of SMKN 2 Wonosari based on 2013 curriculum. Journal of English Language and Pedagogy, 3(1), 61–68.
Yoke, S. K., Hasan, N. H., Jangga, R., & Kamal, S. N.-I. M. (2015). Innovating with HOTS for the ESL reading class. English Language Teaching, 8(8), 10–17.
Yuliana, N. (2018). Penggunaan model pembelajaran discovery learning dalam peningkatan hasil belajar siswa. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran 2(1), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.23887/jipp.v2i1.13851
Zalilia, L., Ariyana, Y., & Bestari, R. (2019). Buku Pegangan IN / GI. Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia.
Afandi, A., Sajidan, S., Akhyar, M., & Suryani, N. (2018). Pre-service science teachers’ perception about high order thinking skills (HOTS) in the 21st century. International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education, 2(1), 107–114. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324933017_Pre-Service_Science_Teachers’_Perception_About_High_Order_Thinking_Skills_HOTS_in_the_21st_Century
Akyol, Z., & Garrison, D. R. (2011). Understanding cognitive presence in an online and blended community of inquiry: Assessing outcomes and processes for deep approaches to learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 42(2), 233-250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2009.01029.x
Aghaei, K., & Rad, E. M. (2018). On the Interconnection between Bloom’s critical thinking taxonomy & listening comprehension performance of Iranian EFL learners. International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies, 6(3), 22–31.
Agus, W., & Margana. (2017). Developing English textbook oriented to higher order thinking skills for students of vocational school in Yogyakarta. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 8(1), 26–38. https://doi.org/doi: 10.17507/jltr.0801.04
Arafah, K. (2020). The effect of guided discovery method and learning interest on students' understanding of physics concepts. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika, 8(2),145–154. https://doi.org/10.26618/jpf.v8i2.3259.
Arifin and N. Ratu. 201. Profil higher order thinking skill siswa dalam menyelesaikan masalah bangun datar segi empat. MAJU J. Ilm. Pendidik. Mat 5 2.
Ariyana, Y., Pudjiastuti, A., Bestary, R., & Zamroni. (2019). Buku pegangan pembelajaran berorientasi pada keterampilan tingkat tinggi. Direktorat Jenderal Guru dan Tenaga Kependidikan Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia. www.gtk.kemdikbud.go.id
Bartell, T. G., Webel, C., Bowen, B., & Dyson, N. (2013). Prospective teacher learning: Recognizing evidence of conceptual understanding. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 16(1), 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10857-012-9205-4
Brookhart, S. M. (2010). How to assess higher-order thinking skills in your classroom. ASCD.
Brown, E. S. (2006). Discovery learning in the classroom. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305174476
Care, E., & Lou, R. (2016). Assessment of transversal competencies: Policy and practice in the Asia-Pacific region. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000246590
Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (2000). Narrative inquiry: Experience and story in qualitative research. Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
Dima.,M.L.B.,Daflizar and Ahmadi. (2021). The implementation of higher order thinking skills (HOTS) in English language teaching: The case of Indonesian senior high school EFL teachers. Journal of English Language Teaching,8(2), 257. https://doi.org/10.26858/eltww.v8i2.20468
Fakhomah, D. N., & Utami, M. S. (2019). Pre-service English teacher perception about higher order thinking skills (HOTS) in the 21st century learning. International Journal of Indonesian Education and Teaching (IJIET), 3(1), 41–49.
Hasim, A., Osman, R., Arifin, A., Abdullah, N., & Noh, N. (2015). Teachers’ perception on higher order thinking skills as an innovation and its implementation in history teaching. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(32), 215–221.
Ichsan, D. V. Sigit, M. Miarsyah, A. Ali, W. P. Arif, and T. A. Prayitno. (2019). HOTS-AEP: higher order thinking skills from elementary to master students in environmental learning. Eur. J. Educ. Res 8 4 935–942. 10.12973/eu-jer.8.4.935
Ichsan, I. Z., Sigit, D. V., Miarsyah, M., Ali, A., & Suwandi, T. (2020). Implementation supple- mentary book of green consumerism: Im- proving students HOTS in environmental learning. European Journal of Educational Re- search, 9(1), 227-237. 10.12973/eu-jer.9.1.227
Indriyana, B. S., & Kuswandono, P. (2019). Developing students’ higher order thinking skills (HOTS) in reading: English teachers’ strategies in selected junior high schools. Journal of English Teaching, 5(3), 204–216.
Isbandiyah, S. & Sanusi, A. (2019). Modul penyusunan soal keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi (HOTS) biologi. Ditbin SMA.
Khanif, M. (2019). Flipped classroom with hots intruction in listening class. The 16th JETA International Conference, 51–55. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muhammad-Ansori-3/publication/336086006_Integrating_HOTS_Into_EFL_Classroom_Teacher%27s_Perception_and_Classroom_Behavior/links/5dedd5f2299bf10bc34c5d47/Integrating-HOTS-Into-EFL-Classroom-Teachers-Perception-and-Class
Lubis, N., Ashadi, R. I., & Setiawan, Y. (2019). Self concept dan higher order thinking skill (HOTS) questions dalam komunikasi interpersonal. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra, 4(2), 506-511. https://doi.org/10.32696/ojs.v4i2.315
Maryani, I. & Martaningsih, S. T. (2020). Pendampingan penyusunan soal higher order thinking bagi guru sekolah dasar. Jurnal Solma, 9(1), 156-166. https://doi.org/10.29405/solma.v9i1.4100
Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage.
Misrom, N. S., Muhammad, A. S., Abdullah, A. H., Osman, S., Hamzah, M. H., & Fauzan, A. (2020). Enhancing students’ higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) through an inductive reasoning strategy using geogebra. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 15(03), 156–179. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i03.9839
Mohamed, R., & Lebar, O. (2017). Authentic assessment in assessing higher order thinking skills. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(2), 466–476. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i2/2021
Mulyasa, E. (2018). Implementasi kurikulum 2013 revisi dalam era revolusi industri 4.0. In Bumi Aksara.
Pappas, C. (2014). Instructional design models and theories: The discovery learning model. Elearning Industry. https://elearningindustry.com/discovery-learning-model
Purnama, Y. I., & Nurdianingsih, F. (2019). The impact of higher order thinking skills (HOTS) instructions in teaching EFL speaking skill from the perspective of students’ motivation. Lingua Cultura, 13(4), 313–319.
Purnamasari, L., Hakim, A., Sulaeman, N. F., & Darmadianingsih. (2021). Eksplorasi kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa SMA pada materi fluida statis. Jurnal Literasi Pendidikan Fisika, 2(1), 9-22. doi: https://doi.org/10.30872/jlpf.v2i1.4 33
Rahmayanti, M. (2021). Application of the discovery learning teaching model in mathematics subjects. Community Medicine & Education Journal, 2(1), 144-150. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.215.6.972b
Ramasamy, S., Rahman, F., Ismail, H., Manaf, U. K. A., & Said, R. R. (2016). Teachers’ levels of knowledge and interest on higher order thinking skills (HOTS) according to the field taught and category of schools. Journal of Modern Education Review, 6(9), 611–621. https://doi.org/10.15341/jmer(2155-7993)/09.06.2016/005
Rosli, M. F. M., & Maarof, N. (2017). The effects of higher order thinking skills (HOTS) questions in improving ESL pupils’ writing performance. The 5 Th Global Summit on Education, 70–80. http://worldconferences.net/journals/wcik/toc/fullpaper/GSE_042.pdf
Safitri, A., & Setiawan, Y. (2020). Perbedaan pengaruh model discovery learning dan problem based learning terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis IPA siswa. Jurnal Tematik, 10(1), 54-60. doi: https://doi.org/10.24114/jt.v10i1.17728
Setiawati, W. (2019). Buku penilaian berorientasi higher order thinking skills. Dirjen GTK Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Simanjuntak, E., Usidiati, W., & Karani, E. (2020). Developing a model of HOTS questions for narrative reading text for IX grade students of SMPN 2 Jorong. Journal of Environment and Management, 1(1), 69–74.
Singh, C. K. S., Gopal, R., Ong, E. T., Singh, T. S. M., Mostafa, N. A., & Singh, R. K. A. (2020). ESL teachers’ strategies to foster higher-order thinking skills to teach writing. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 17(2), 195–226.
Sopiani, P. S., & Said, I. (2019). Investigating students’ higher order thinking skills (HOTS) in writing skill (a case study at the eleventh grade of a senior high school in Banjar). Journal of English Education and Teaching, 3(3), 328–342.
Suprihatiningrum, J. (2013). Strategi pembelajaran teori dan aplikasi. Ar-Ruzz Media
Syafyahya, L., & Yades, E. (2020). Small group discussion and discovery learning in Indonesian course learning. Advances in Social Science.Education and humanities Research: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Educational Development and Quality Assurance (ICED-QA)(pp.73-77). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210202.015
Thamrin, N. R., & Agustin, S. (2019). Conceptual variations on reading comprehension through higher order thinking skills (HOTS) strategy. English Review: Journal of English Education, 7(2), 93–100.
Thamrin, N. R., & Widodo, P. (2019). Developing higher order thinking skills (HOTS) for reading comprehension enhancement. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1179(1), 12073.
Widana, I. (2017). Higher order thinking skills assessment (HOTS). Jurnal of Indonesian Student Assessment and Education, 3(1), 32-44.
Widiyati, G. S. (2020). Developing listening materials for the second-grade multimedia department students of SMKN 2 Wonosari based on 2013 curriculum. Journal of English Language and Pedagogy, 3(1), 61–68.
Yoke, S. K., Hasan, N. H., Jangga, R., & Kamal, S. N.-I. M. (2015). Innovating with HOTS for the ESL reading class. English Language Teaching, 8(8), 10–17.
Yuliana, N. (2018). Penggunaan model pembelajaran discovery learning dalam peningkatan hasil belajar siswa. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran 2(1), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.23887/jipp.v2i1.13851
Zalilia, L., Ariyana, Y., & Bestari, R. (2019). Buku Pegangan IN / GI. Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia.