COHESION OF CONCLUSION IN STUDENT’S ACADEMIC WRITING: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS PERSPECTIVE
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Abstrak
A conclusion of academic writing is an urgent component in writing. Khazaal, (2019), he described that good a conclusion of academic writing has five variables namely; grammar, vocabulary, organizing, content, and cohesion). Based on this idea, researcher would like to limit the discussion on cohesion, organization, and grammar (tenses) conclusion of academic writing written by EFL students. The research questions of this study are as the following; a. What are the cohesive devices written in a conclusion of academic writing? b. how is the organization of conclusion written by EFL students? c. What are the tenses used in the section of conclusion written by EFL students? It is a qualitative descriptive study. The data of this study were twenty-five files of academic writing taken randomly from two classes of forty-five files. To analyse the data researcher used theory of cohesion written by Halliday and Hasan (1976) cited in Jhonson, (2017). Theory of organizing of a conclusion of academic writing by Adizovna, (2023), and the theories of tenses developed by, Bukit and Deli, (2020). The finding of the study revealed that, there were three types of cohesion written by EFL students in writing a conclusion of academic writing namely; grammatical cohesion, reiteration lexical cohesion, and conjunctive adverb to achieve cohesion. Furthermore, there are two types of a conclusion; such as; a conclusion has three components, and a conclusion has two components. Furthermore, there were two types of tenses written in a conclusion of academic writing, namely; simple present and simple past.
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Referensi
Adizovna, G. (2023). Developing summary writing skill in academic writing. International Scientific Journal of Modern Science and Research, 2(9).
Afolaranmi, S. (2024). Towards an ideal abstract in academic writing: Some crucial components. Journal of Jozac Academic Voice, 4(1).
Agili, A., & Prabhashini, M. (2021). A study on classroom discourse in enhancing metacognition to develop writing skills in Saudi EFL students. Arab World English Journal, 12(3), 450–463.
Akif, S., et al. (2024). Examining cohesion in academic writing: A comparative study of organizational skills in Pakistani and international research abstracts. Journal of Linguistics Forum, 6(1), 38–47.
Akram. (2020). Discourse analysis: Way of dealing written and spoken discourse. American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research & Development, 2(12), 9–11.
Al-Dulaimi, H., & Al-Nuaimi, M. (2022). Cohesion: A fundamental element in writing English texts. Journal of Language Studies, 5(3), 37–45.
Alfalagg. (2020). Impact of teacher-student writing conferences on frequency and accuracy of using cohesive devices in EFL students’ writing. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 5(21).
Ali, M. (2021). The concept of cohesion and coherence in modern linguistics with reference to English and Kurdish. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 8(4).
Ali, M., & Hussein, R. (2021). Difficulties in the applications of tenses faced by ESL learners. Research Journal of Social Sciences & Economics Review, 2(1).
Alqasham, F., et al. (2021). Coherence and cohesion in Saudi EFL learners’ essay writing: A study at a tertiary-level institution. Asian EFL Journal Research Articles, 28(1).
Anindita, P. (2024). Cohesion and coherence problems among non-native English students’ writing essays. Journal of Lensa: Linguistics, Literature, and Culture, 14(1), 58–79.
Ariwibowo, I., et al. (2023). A discourse analysis of cohesion devices on students’ writing of recount text. Journal of Education, Social Science, and Religion, 9(1).
Barroga, E., & Matanguihan, C. (2022). A practical guide to writing quantitative and qualitative research questions and hypotheses in scholarly articles. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 25(16).
Bukit, T., & Deli, Y. (2020). The error analysis in using tenses made by students in English teaching and learning process. Journal of Language Teaching and Linguistics, 1(2).
Cui, Y. (2024). The application of cohesion and coherence theory in college English reading instruction from the perspective of discourse analysis. Open Access Library Journal, 11.
Dewi, A. (2021). Understanding data collection methods in qualitative research: The perspective of interpretive accounting research. Journal of Tourism Economics and Policy, 1(1), 23–34.
Ferdanes, A., & Fatimah, F. (2021). An analysis of coherence use in the essay written by English language and literature department students. Journal of English Language Teaching, 10(4), 697–706.
Gazagin, E., & Bas, D. (2020). Metadiscourse in academic writing: A comparison of research articles and book reviews. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 6(1), 45–62.
Haider, M., Ali, A., & Zulfiqar, A. (2021). Cohesion and coherence in Pakistani expository argumentative essays: A corpus-based study. Sir Syed Journal of Education & Social Research, 4(1).
Halimah, M., Supriadi, B., & Wahyuni, D. (2024). Discourse analysis on the cohesive devices in the graduate student thesis. Journal of Language and Literature Studies, 4(2), 484–495.
Haninda, N., & Bram, B. (2022). Academic writing of EFL students’ undergraduate theses: A discourse marker analysis. ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, 5(1).
Johnson, R. (2017). Improving cohesion in L2 writing: A three-strand approach to building lexical cohesion. American English State. Retrieved from https://americanenglish.state.gov
Kashiha, H. (2022). An investigation of the use of cohesive devices in ESL students’ essay writing. Journal of Education and Practice, 1 Kashiha. (2022). An investigation of the use of cohesive devices in ESL students’ essay writing. Journal of Education and Practice, 13(18).
Khazaal, A. (2019). Improving postgraduates’ academic writing skills with summarizing strategy. Arab World English Journal, 10(3), 413–428.
Kirana, S., et al. (2020). Types of lexical cohesion and grammatical cohesion in thesis abstracts. Thesis Abstract Studies, 1(1), 57–68.
Li, Y. (2024). Error analysis of college English writing based on the cohesion and coherence theory. International Journal of English Linguistics, 14(2).
Luat, M., & Diep, L. (2024). An analysis of coherence and cohesion in English majors’ academic essays. International Journal of Language Instruction, 3(3).
Mahmood, Z. (2021). Written text on Pakistani vehicles: A critical discourse analysis. Journal of Communication Language and Culture, 1(1).
Mandarani, D., et al. (2023). Functions of cohesion in reading text comprehension. International Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(1), 100–108.
Manullang, D., et al. (2024). An analysis of coherence and cohesive device in writing recount text used by the fifth semester students of English department in HKBP Nommensen University. Journal of Social Science Research, 3(2), 3765–3773.
Mezmir, A. (2020). Qualitative data analysis: An overview of data reduction, data display and interpretation. Journal of Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 10(21).
Mustafa. (2024). The importance of cohesion in academic writing. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies.
Ngongo, M., & Ndandara, D. (2024). Exploring the realization of cohesion as a resource of text texture on undergraduate students’ academic writing. English Review: Journal of English Education, 12(1).
Nhung, L. M., & Hiep, P. T. (2023). The effects of thematic progression in improving coherence and cohesion in EFL writing. Journal of English Language Teaching, 16(6).
Nurhidayat, S., et al. (2021). The analysis of cohesive devices used by tertiary English students in writing English paragraphs. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 8(4), 70–81.
Omar, M. F., Khalid, S. M., & Ahmed, F. (2020). Grammatical cohesion skill for EFL learners: The case of university-level Kurdish learners of English. European Journal of English Language Teaching, 5(4).
Pasaribu, H. (2022). EFL students' perception on English tenses mastery in improving English academic writing. Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature, 10(1), 89–98.
Pranoto, H., & Levinli, Y. (2023). Two tenses for all sixteen tenses: A constructivist approach. Tarling: Journal of Language Education, 7(1).
Prasetyaningrum, D., Alfitri, A., & Rahmawati, R. (2022). Grammatical cohesion in students' undergraduate thesis. Journal of English Education and Applied Linguistics, 8(2).
Priyatmojo, A. (2021). Cohesion and coherence of students’ recount texts in Indonesia. Journal of Language and Literature, 15(2).
Purba, H., Siregar, N., & Situmorang, T. (2023). Errors in using English verbs by EFL students: Tenses and aspects analyses. Journal of English Language Teaching, 7(2).
Putra, W., & Astari, R. (2022). Analysis of cohesion and coherence in the background of thesis written by English education study program students of IAIN Bengkulu in period September 2020. Journal of English Language Teaching, Linguistics, and Literature, 5(1), 79–90.
Raman, V., & Mathew, M. (2020). Lexical cohesion in ESL writing. International Journal of English Language and Literature, 8(2).
Rustipa, K., Sari, W., & Fitriana, A. (2023). Tenses choice and rhetorical pattern of unpublished scientific articles written by non-native English speaker student teachers. International Journal of Instruction, 16(2), 945–964.
Sanusi, S. (2024). Revisiting cohesion in academic writing: A corpus-based analysis of EFL learners’ use of conjunctions. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 14(1), 64–78.
Setiawan, T., & Taiman, H. (2021). Cohesion and coherence in written texts of health medical laboratory students. Indonesian EFL Journal, 7(1).
Siregar, E., et al. (2023). An analysis of cohesive devices in EFL students’ essay writing. Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics, 8(1).
Tuan, T., Le, T. M., & Nguyen, V. (2023). Use of cohesive devices in paragraph writing by EFL students at English language centers in Vietnam. VNU Journal of Foreign Studies, 39(3).
Widhiyanto, W., et al. (2023). An analysis of the abstracts of EFL undergraduate students: Coherence and cohesion. Scope: Journal of English Language Teaching, 8(1), 250–257.
Willian, A., Putra, J. A., & Halim, K. (2023). Critical review on discourse analysis research: What novice writers can learn. English Review: Journal of English Education, 11(1).
Ying, W., & Huan-Di, C. (2021). The application of cohesion and coherence theory in advanced college English teaching. Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 11(5), 314–319.
Zeng, X. (2024). A study on the development of cohesion in English majors’ expository writing. Curriculum and Teaching Methodology, 7(7).
Zhongqing, L. (2020). Cohesion in academic writing: A comparison of essays in English written by L1 and L2 university students. Journal of Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 10(7), 761–770.
Afolaranmi, S. (2024). Towards an ideal abstract in academic writing: Some crucial components. Journal of Jozac Academic Voice, 4(1).
Agili, A., & Prabhashini, M. (2021). A study on classroom discourse in enhancing metacognition to develop writing skills in Saudi EFL students. Arab World English Journal, 12(3), 450–463.
Akif, S., et al. (2024). Examining cohesion in academic writing: A comparative study of organizational skills in Pakistani and international research abstracts. Journal of Linguistics Forum, 6(1), 38–47.
Akram. (2020). Discourse analysis: Way of dealing written and spoken discourse. American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research & Development, 2(12), 9–11.
Al-Dulaimi, H., & Al-Nuaimi, M. (2022). Cohesion: A fundamental element in writing English texts. Journal of Language Studies, 5(3), 37–45.
Alfalagg. (2020). Impact of teacher-student writing conferences on frequency and accuracy of using cohesive devices in EFL students’ writing. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 5(21).
Ali, M. (2021). The concept of cohesion and coherence in modern linguistics with reference to English and Kurdish. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 8(4).
Ali, M., & Hussein, R. (2021). Difficulties in the applications of tenses faced by ESL learners. Research Journal of Social Sciences & Economics Review, 2(1).
Alqasham, F., et al. (2021). Coherence and cohesion in Saudi EFL learners’ essay writing: A study at a tertiary-level institution. Asian EFL Journal Research Articles, 28(1).
Anindita, P. (2024). Cohesion and coherence problems among non-native English students’ writing essays. Journal of Lensa: Linguistics, Literature, and Culture, 14(1), 58–79.
Ariwibowo, I., et al. (2023). A discourse analysis of cohesion devices on students’ writing of recount text. Journal of Education, Social Science, and Religion, 9(1).
Barroga, E., & Matanguihan, C. (2022). A practical guide to writing quantitative and qualitative research questions and hypotheses in scholarly articles. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 25(16).
Bukit, T., & Deli, Y. (2020). The error analysis in using tenses made by students in English teaching and learning process. Journal of Language Teaching and Linguistics, 1(2).
Cui, Y. (2024). The application of cohesion and coherence theory in college English reading instruction from the perspective of discourse analysis. Open Access Library Journal, 11.
Dewi, A. (2021). Understanding data collection methods in qualitative research: The perspective of interpretive accounting research. Journal of Tourism Economics and Policy, 1(1), 23–34.
Ferdanes, A., & Fatimah, F. (2021). An analysis of coherence use in the essay written by English language and literature department students. Journal of English Language Teaching, 10(4), 697–706.
Gazagin, E., & Bas, D. (2020). Metadiscourse in academic writing: A comparison of research articles and book reviews. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 6(1), 45–62.
Haider, M., Ali, A., & Zulfiqar, A. (2021). Cohesion and coherence in Pakistani expository argumentative essays: A corpus-based study. Sir Syed Journal of Education & Social Research, 4(1).
Halimah, M., Supriadi, B., & Wahyuni, D. (2024). Discourse analysis on the cohesive devices in the graduate student thesis. Journal of Language and Literature Studies, 4(2), 484–495.
Haninda, N., & Bram, B. (2022). Academic writing of EFL students’ undergraduate theses: A discourse marker analysis. ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, 5(1).
Johnson, R. (2017). Improving cohesion in L2 writing: A three-strand approach to building lexical cohesion. American English State. Retrieved from https://americanenglish.state.gov
Kashiha, H. (2022). An investigation of the use of cohesive devices in ESL students’ essay writing. Journal of Education and Practice, 1 Kashiha. (2022). An investigation of the use of cohesive devices in ESL students’ essay writing. Journal of Education and Practice, 13(18).
Khazaal, A. (2019). Improving postgraduates’ academic writing skills with summarizing strategy. Arab World English Journal, 10(3), 413–428.
Kirana, S., et al. (2020). Types of lexical cohesion and grammatical cohesion in thesis abstracts. Thesis Abstract Studies, 1(1), 57–68.
Li, Y. (2024). Error analysis of college English writing based on the cohesion and coherence theory. International Journal of English Linguistics, 14(2).
Luat, M., & Diep, L. (2024). An analysis of coherence and cohesion in English majors’ academic essays. International Journal of Language Instruction, 3(3).
Mahmood, Z. (2021). Written text on Pakistani vehicles: A critical discourse analysis. Journal of Communication Language and Culture, 1(1).
Mandarani, D., et al. (2023). Functions of cohesion in reading text comprehension. International Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(1), 100–108.
Manullang, D., et al. (2024). An analysis of coherence and cohesive device in writing recount text used by the fifth semester students of English department in HKBP Nommensen University. Journal of Social Science Research, 3(2), 3765–3773.
Mezmir, A. (2020). Qualitative data analysis: An overview of data reduction, data display and interpretation. Journal of Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 10(21).
Mustafa. (2024). The importance of cohesion in academic writing. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies.
Ngongo, M., & Ndandara, D. (2024). Exploring the realization of cohesion as a resource of text texture on undergraduate students’ academic writing. English Review: Journal of English Education, 12(1).
Nhung, L. M., & Hiep, P. T. (2023). The effects of thematic progression in improving coherence and cohesion in EFL writing. Journal of English Language Teaching, 16(6).
Nurhidayat, S., et al. (2021). The analysis of cohesive devices used by tertiary English students in writing English paragraphs. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 8(4), 70–81.
Omar, M. F., Khalid, S. M., & Ahmed, F. (2020). Grammatical cohesion skill for EFL learners: The case of university-level Kurdish learners of English. European Journal of English Language Teaching, 5(4).
Pasaribu, H. (2022). EFL students' perception on English tenses mastery in improving English academic writing. Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature, 10(1), 89–98.
Pranoto, H., & Levinli, Y. (2023). Two tenses for all sixteen tenses: A constructivist approach. Tarling: Journal of Language Education, 7(1).
Prasetyaningrum, D., Alfitri, A., & Rahmawati, R. (2022). Grammatical cohesion in students' undergraduate thesis. Journal of English Education and Applied Linguistics, 8(2).
Priyatmojo, A. (2021). Cohesion and coherence of students’ recount texts in Indonesia. Journal of Language and Literature, 15(2).
Purba, H., Siregar, N., & Situmorang, T. (2023). Errors in using English verbs by EFL students: Tenses and aspects analyses. Journal of English Language Teaching, 7(2).
Putra, W., & Astari, R. (2022). Analysis of cohesion and coherence in the background of thesis written by English education study program students of IAIN Bengkulu in period September 2020. Journal of English Language Teaching, Linguistics, and Literature, 5(1), 79–90.
Raman, V., & Mathew, M. (2020). Lexical cohesion in ESL writing. International Journal of English Language and Literature, 8(2).
Rustipa, K., Sari, W., & Fitriana, A. (2023). Tenses choice and rhetorical pattern of unpublished scientific articles written by non-native English speaker student teachers. International Journal of Instruction, 16(2), 945–964.
Sanusi, S. (2024). Revisiting cohesion in academic writing: A corpus-based analysis of EFL learners’ use of conjunctions. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 14(1), 64–78.
Setiawan, T., & Taiman, H. (2021). Cohesion and coherence in written texts of health medical laboratory students. Indonesian EFL Journal, 7(1).
Siregar, E., et al. (2023). An analysis of cohesive devices in EFL students’ essay writing. Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics, 8(1).
Tuan, T., Le, T. M., & Nguyen, V. (2023). Use of cohesive devices in paragraph writing by EFL students at English language centers in Vietnam. VNU Journal of Foreign Studies, 39(3).
Widhiyanto, W., et al. (2023). An analysis of the abstracts of EFL undergraduate students: Coherence and cohesion. Scope: Journal of English Language Teaching, 8(1), 250–257.
Willian, A., Putra, J. A., & Halim, K. (2023). Critical review on discourse analysis research: What novice writers can learn. English Review: Journal of English Education, 11(1).
Ying, W., & Huan-Di, C. (2021). The application of cohesion and coherence theory in advanced college English teaching. Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 11(5), 314–319.
Zeng, X. (2024). A study on the development of cohesion in English majors’ expository writing. Curriculum and Teaching Methodology, 7(7).
Zhongqing, L. (2020). Cohesion in academic writing: A comparison of essays in English written by L1 and L2 university students. Journal of Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 10(7), 761–770.